DeepSynaps evidence maps

Neuromodulation evidence maps

How much research exists for each neuromodulation treatment and condition, which study designs dominate, and the most-cited trials and reviews, drawn from 152,371 indexed papers. Every study links to its source.

Movement disorders

DBS for Parkinson’s disease9,164 papers · 154 meta-analyses · 242 RCTs DBS for essential tremor1,415 papers · 20 meta-analyses · 25 RCTs MRgFUS for essential tremor271 papers · 11 meta-analyses · 0 RCTs

Depression

rTMS for major depressive disorder3,320 papers · 272 meta-analyses · 713 RCTs tDCS for depression1,232 papers · 113 meta-analyses · 344 RCTs VNS for treatment-resistant depression1,043 papers · 24 meta-analyses · 91 RCTs PBM for major depressive disorder129 papers · 2 meta-analyses · 27 RCTs

Epilepsy

VNS for refractory epilepsy2,111 papers · 52 meta-analyses · 65 RCTs DBS for refractory focal epilepsy1,457 papers · 39 meta-analyses · 20 RCTs RNS for focal epilepsy653 papers · 26 meta-analyses · 5 RCTs Neurofeedback for drug-resistant epilepsy137 papers · 2 meta-analyses · 5 RCTs

Bladder and bowel

SNM for bladder and bowel dysfunction1,883 papers · 36 meta-analyses · 73 RCTs

OCD

DBS for treatment-refractory OCD1,171 papers · 34 meta-analyses · 24 RCTs Deep TMS for OCD491 papers · 42 meta-analyses · 82 RCTs

Chronic pain

SCS for failed back surgery syndrome517 papers · 9 meta-analyses · 22 RCTs DRG for CRPS and focal neuropathic pain352 papers · 7 meta-analyses · 7 RCTs SCS for painful diabetic neuropathy291 papers · 10 meta-analyses · 29 RCTs

Sleep apnea

HNS for obstructive sleep apnea424 papers · 15 meta-analyses · 9 RCTs PNS for central sleep apnea119 papers · 6 meta-analyses · 13 RCTs

ADHD, anxiety and PTSD

Neurofeedback for ADHD376 papers · 34 meta-analyses · 72 RCTs Neurofeedback for anxiety and PTSD250 papers · 15 meta-analyses · 46 RCTs

Rehabilitation

VNS for post-stroke arm rehabilitation322 papers · 23 meta-analyses · 43 RCTs

Heart failure

BAT for heart failure163 papers · 8 meta-analyses · 7 RCTs

Migraine and headache

nVNS for migraine and cluster headache117 papers · 3 meta-analyses · 23 RCTs REN for migraine74 papers · 4 meta-analyses · 9 RCTs e-TNS for migraine65 papers · 4 meta-analyses · 6 RCTs

Alzheimer’s disease and cognition

PBM for Alzheimer’s disease and MCI77 papers · 1 meta-analyses · 13 RCTs TPS for Alzheimer’s disease59 papers · 4 meta-analyses · 8 RCTs

Decision support only. These maps describe the published literature, not how well any treatment works, and are not medical advice. Study designs are AI-classified by Jev: advisory, not clinician-reviewed. Data snapshot 2026-09-25.